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Endocrine gland


  • Endocrine gland is a ductless gland.

 

  • Hormones are found in endocrine gland .

 

  • Hormones are discovered by Starling.

 

  • Hormones are known as chemical messenger.

 

  • There are six types of hormones-

 

                1-thyroid gland

                2-parathyroid gland

                3-adrenal gland

                4-thymus gland

                5-pineal gland

                6-pituitary gland

  • The deficiency of vitamins causes deficiency disease.

 

  • Enzymes active because of the vitamin.

 

Thyroid gland –


  • It is largest endocrine gland.

 

  • Thyroid gland is found in the interior neck, below the Adam’s apple.

 

  • The shape of thyroid gland is H / butterfly shape.

 

  • There are two hormone are found in thyroid gland-

1-      T4- tetra iodothyronine or thyroxin

2-      T3- tri iodothyronine

 

  • Hormone made up of iodine – T4    and  T3.

 

  • Deficiency of iodine can cause inflammation of the thyroid gland, this condition is called Hypothyroidism (goitre).

 

  • Deficiency of mental and physical development , this condition is called critinism .

 

  • Suicide of thyroid is known as thyroid gland. It is also called hashimato, it is the example of auto immune.

 

  • Diseases occur due to hypothyroidism-
  1.       Grave disease 
  2.      Plummer disease
  3.    Basdow disease

 

Parathyroid  gland –


  • It is found in neck.

 

  • No. of parathyroid is four (2 pair) in our body.

 

  • It increases the quantity of calcium (Ca2+) and decreases the quantity of phosphate (PO43+)

.

  • Hormones found in parathyroid gland are parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

 

Adrenal gland –


  • It is called ‘emergency gland’ or ‘flight and fight’ or ‘3F gland (flight, fight, fright)’ or ‘4S gland (stress, salt, sugar, sex)’ or ‘suprarenal gland’.

 

  • No. of adrenal gland is two, which is found in above the kidney.

 

  • When human feels stress and mental pressure, our body secret adrenalin hormones.

 

  • When the amount of salt become in excess in our body, our body secrets aldosterone hormones. They increase the level of sodium and decease the level of potassium.

 

  • When the amount of sugar become in excess in our body, our body secrets cortisol or cortison hormones. They increase the level of sugar in the blood.

 

Sex hormones are two types-


      Male sex hormone (androgen) – stimulates sperm formation and influences sexual behaviour , stimulate muscles growth , growth of facial hair.

 

 

    Female sex hormone ( Estrogen)-  regulate female sexual behaviour. Stimulates the growth of secondary sex organ of the female body, puberty and development of mammary glands.

 

 

  • Progesterone female hormones- formation of alveoli ( sac – like structure the store milk).

 

Thymus gland –

 

  • It is found in thorax.

 

  • No. of thymus gland is one in or body.

 

  • Thymus gland is called training school of white blood cell. Here the formation of lymphocytes WBC.

 

  • The hormone is found in thymus gland is thymocin hormone. They activate the white blood cell.

 

PINEAL GLAND-


  • Pineal gland is found interior the brain.

 

  • No. of pineal gland is one in our body.

 

  • Pineal gland is called biological clock.

 

  • Melatonin hormone is found in pineal gland which is made from melanin.

 

  • Melatonin decide the skin colour of animal.

 

  • Pineal gland is control by the light of the sun.

 

  • Melatonin hypersecretion causes insomnia and depression .

 

PITUITARY GLAND-


  • Pituitary gland is found in brain.

 

  • It is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams in humans.

 

  • Hypothalamus is control by pituitary gland.

 

  • Hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contain a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. Only one of the most important function of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine gland.

 

  • Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control:

  1.  Growth   Blood
  2.  pressure
  3. Certain functions of the sex organs
  4.    Metabolism
  5.   Pregnancy
  6.   Childbirth
  7.  Nursing
  8. Water/ salt concentration
  9.  Temperature regulation
  10. Pain relief

 

  • Some hormones are found in pituitary gland which is the most important for our body-

 

1-Growth hormones (GH) -

1-      Growth hormones are known as somatopropin.

2-      Deficiency in growth hormones are causes dwarf.

3-      Excess of growth hormones are causes gigantism.

 

2-Thyroid stimulant hormones (T.S.H)

 

3-Thyroid inhibitor hormones-

1-      High prolactin level can cause irregular menstrual cycles in women, milk discharge from breast when neither pregnant nor breast feeding

 

4-Prolactin hormones-

1-      Prolactin hormones Develops the breast in pregnancy.

 

5-Follicle stimulation hormones (F.S.H)-

1-      FSH active the ovary in female. Estrogen and progesterone hormones found in ovary in female.

 

6-Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-

1-       Excess of ACTH stimulate the adrenal gland secrete an excess the stress hormone (cortisol).