SSC BIO NOTES RELATED TO HUMAN BLOOD

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BLOOD

Ø Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

Ø  Our body contains approx. 7 to 8% 0f blood (5 to 6 litres).

Ø Blood is form in bone marrow.

Ø P^H of blood is 7.4 i.e. basic by nature.

Ø Blood is colloidal solution and a natural colloidal solution [solution-negative].

Ø Blood is an acidic buffer solution. “Buffer solution means that solution which doesn’t change P^{H. “} 

Example- H₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃

         Or

                NaHCO₃ + HCO₃^- 

Ø Dialysis is an artificial process of changing the colloidal   solution (blood).

 

 

BLOOD GROUP

Ø The human ABO blood groups were discovered by Austrian- born American biologist Karl Landsteiner in 1901.

Ø Landsteiner found that there are substances in the blood, antigens and antibodies, that induce clumping of red cells when red cells of one type are added to those of a second type.

Ø Antigens are found in on the surface of RBC (Red Blood Cell).

Ø Antibodies are found in Plasma.

Blood Group	Antigen	Antibody
A	A	b
B	B	a
AB	AB	-
O	-	ab

 

                                               

   RH (Rhesus) Factor

 

Ø RH Factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells.

Ø If your blood has the protein, you are Rh positive.

Ø If your blood lacks the protein, you are RH negative.

Ø RH Factor is a blood protein that plays a critical role in some pregnancies.

Ø If a woman who is Rh negative is pregnant with a fetus who is blood.

 

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

Ø It divides into two parts -

1.  Plasma

2.  Blood cells

Ø Blood cells are divided into three parts:

1.  RBC (erythrocytes)

2.  WBC (Leucocytes)

3.  Blood platelets (Thrombocytes)

    Plasma

Ø Plasma- Plasma is the often forgotten part of blood. While blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are important to body function. But plasma also plays a key role. This fluid carries the blood component throughout the body.

Ø Plasma is the largest part of your blood. It makes up more than half (about 55%) of its overall content.

Ø Plasma contains water (about 72%) and protein like Prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin and globulin.

 

   Red Blood Cells

Ø Red Blood cells carry fresh oxygen throughout the body.

Ø Haemoglobin is the protein inside RBC.

Ø RBC remove carbon dioxide from your body, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.

Ø RBCs are made in the bone marrow.

Ø They typically live for about 120 days and then they die.

Ø RBC helps in making protein, iron, vitamin B₁₂  and folic acid.

Ø They die in Liver and spleen.

 

   White Blood Cells

 

Ø WBC protect you against illness and disease.

Ø WBC account for only about 1% of your blood, but their impact is big.

Ø WBCs are made in bone marrow, lymph node and also in liver and spleen.

Ø They typically live for about 2 – 4 days.

Ø They die in blood.

Ø Most of the part of WBCs (60 – 70%) are formed of neutrophiles cells .

Ø They are same in size and structure as Ameoba .

 

 

     Blood Platelets

Ø Blood platelets are found in mammals and human.

Ø They are formed in bone marrow.

Ø They typically live for about 3 -5 days.

Ø They die in spleen.

Ø Work- They work as making blood clotting.

    Clotting of Blood

Ø In the process of forming clotting of blood have three important step—

 

Thromboplastin + Prothrombin + Calcium⁺⁺ = Thrombin

 

Thrombin            + fibrinogen                          = Fibrin

 

Fibrin                   + blood corpuscles                = Clot

 

Ø Prothrombin and Fibrinogen are formed with the help of vitamin K in blood.

Ø Vitamin K help in making clotting of blood.

Ø Clotting of blood typically form in 2 – 5 mint.

Ø Fibrinogen is an important protein to forming the clotting of blood.

 

 

   Blood transfusion

Ø Antigen A, antibody a, antigen B, and antibody b can never together. When it happen they are like an adhesive after that blood is destroyed. It is called the blood of agglutination.

Ø We make a perfect match of antigen and antibody by which the blood of agglutination can’t happen.

Ø Blood group O is known as Universal donor because it has no antigen.

Ø Blood group AB is known as Universal recipitor because it has no antibody.